Timeline of English history - 1500 to present (2023)

A timeline of modern English history

1485 Early Tudor Dynasty, Henry VII ascend to the throne
Central royal authority was strengthened and feudal private armies were suppressed.

1487Lambert Simnels Rebellion

1509End of the reign of Henry VII –Beginning of Henry VIII's reign

1513Battle of Foldden English victory overScotland

1514The wars start withFrancejScotland

1517End wars withFrancejScotland

1520(June 7) Formation of a short-lived alliance between Henry VIII and Francis I ofFrance

1522 Englandhave an ideaFrance- raid failure

1523 Englandabandon the attempted French invasion

1527Henry VIII Divorce Crisis Begins

1530Henry VII begins the process of breaking with the papacy
Period of internal instability associated with the founding of the new church

1534Church of England established, internal turmoilEnglandmuch diminished

1542Another war with France and Scotland
French landings on the English coast between 1545 and 1546
convince Henry VIII to embark on a major shipbuilding program.
Home of the modern Royal Navy.
Beginning of construction of the coastal fortification system.

1547Death of Henrique VIII -Beginning of Edward IV's reign
As Edward IV was not old enough to reign,Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, reigned as regent.

1549religious/social unrest
duke ofjumpput down a catholic revoltDevonshire.
Royal forces under John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, quelled a peasant rebellionNorfolk.
The setbacks in the wars with FranceScotland
The French triumph at the Battle of Houlogne. The Scots retake Haddington.
September -jumpexpelled as regentdue to the reverses of war, social unrest,
and noble dissatisfaction with their liberal ideas.
Warwick, Duke of Northumberland, becomes Regent.

1550peace withFrance
FranceReturnsBologneseAEnglandfor a cash payment.

1553 Death of Edward IV
(June 6-19) Northumberland Revolt After the death of Edward VI. Northumberland tried to bring her daughter-in-law to justice.Frau Jane Grau, on the throne in place of the rightful heir, Edward's sister Mary. Northumberland was taken prisoner and Jane was deposed andexecuted after a reign of nine days.

1553beginning ofreign of Mary I
Restoration of Catholicism inEngland.
Her marriage to Philip of Spain contributed to religious turmoil
many English Catholics joined the Protestants without suspectingSpainand Spanish Catholicism.

1554Rebellion in Kent Led by Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir Thomas Carew and the Duke of Suffolk, it was an attempt to stop Mary's marriage to Philip. Wyatt was defeated and overpowered trying to takeLondon. The rebellion collapsed and the leaders were executed.

1555Persecution of Protestants begins

1557The war begins with the marriage of France Mary, leading to English involvement.Spainendemic wars withFrance

1558End of the reign of Maria I /Beginning of Elizabeth I's reign(Sister of Edward VI and Mary I) Elizabeth returnsEnglandto Protestantism, he pursued a general policy of avoiding involvement in major continental wars.

1559 Englandend as warFrance

Intervention in Scotland British forces support the Scots against French forcesScotland.French surrenderleithin February 1560.

1562 Englandsend troopsFranceto help the Huguenots.

1568Beginning of a period of growing hostilities betweenSpainjEngland

1570papal bull explainedIsabelexcommunicated and deposed

1573Temporary approach withSpain.Guise Familienabstammung inFranceleads to a temporary release of tension.

1577 AllianzasNetherlands Republicin their war againstSpain,AlthoughIsabeldid not declare warSpain.

1580Sir Francis Drake Completes His Circumnavigation of the World Drake invades the Spanish and Portuguese colonies and sails his way.

1585English military aid to HollandHenry Sidney, Earl of Lester, brings an army of 6,000 menNetherlands.
Drake's Caribbean Expeditions An English expedition commanded by Sir Francis Drake was dismissedSanto Domingo,Cartagena,San Augustinand made numerous other forays into theWest Indies. The expedition ends in 1586.

1587english armyNetherlandstimes paraEnglandThe army's performance was poor and the Earl of Lester had been killed in the field the previous year.
(April-June) Drake Expedition to Cádiz Aware of Spanish plans for the next Armada, Drake leaves forportovonCadizwith a fleet of 23 ships and destroyed 33 Spanish ships of all sizes.

1588 Santa CruzAdmiral Marquis of diesSanta Cruz, in charge of naval preparation, died on January 30 and was replaced by Solo Pérez de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia, who had no naval experience.
20 of May- The army is leavingLisboa(composed of 20 large galleons, 44 armed merchant ships, 23 transports, 35 smaller ships, 4 galleys and 4 galleys).
July, 19- Navy off the coast oflizard headby English reconnaissance ships.
July 20th- Lord Howard of Effingham, commander of the English forces, embarks with themPlymouth(34 ships under his command, plus 34 under Drake's command, oneLondonsquadron of 30 ships and another 30 under the command of Lord Henry Seymour).
July 21st- The Spaniards lose a ship in clashes outsidePlymouth.
July 23- No casualties on either side as a result of this all-day battle.
July 25th- Battle ofDorset. The British can replenish their ammunition, while the Spanish cannot. The Spaniards go to Calis to replenish their supplies and gather troops.
July 26-27- The Armada anchored off Calis, but was unable to supply due to the blockade ofNecessaryby the Dutch fleet under the command of Justinian of Nassau.
July 28th- The British send lightships to the Spanish fleet, which responds by dropping anchor and sailing up the coast while taking heavy casualties from long-range English fire.
July 29-30- Adverse winds prevent the Spanish fleet from landing in any part of theNetherlands. Sedina Sidonia decides to return to Spain and sail around the United StatesNorth Sea.
August 2- The English fleet interrupts the pursuit of the Armada and returns to its ports of origin.
August september- The Navy suffers heavy casualties on the way backSpain, through storm, hunger and thirst. 63 of the original 130 ships returnedSpain.

15894,000 English soldiers landNormandyto help Enrique de Navarre

1591A small English force landed at St Malo andbuckwheat.

1594Tyrone's Rebellion in Ireland The endemic rebellion in Ireland erupted into all-out war under the leadership of Hugh O'Neil, Earl of Tyrone.

1596English troops landed in an attackCadiz.

1598British defeated by Irish at the Battle of Yellowford on the Blackwater River.

1601spanish interventionSpainsends 4,000 troops to Ireland and captures Kinsale.

1603 Tod von Elisabeth I,end of the Tudor dynasty,
Start of the Stuart dynasty with the reign of James I.

British victory Irish-Spanish forces are defeated at the Battle of Kinsale. O'Neil surrenders and is pardoned by James I.

1604October 24 - Union of Great Britain The Union of Crowns ofEnglandjScotlandIt eliminated internal borders and reduced the need for a standing army, increasing parliamentary authority at the expense of royal authority.

1605The Gunpowder Plot, the Last Great Catholic Plot

1624Participation in the Thirty Years' War James sends a small force of 1,200 men to the continent to help Frederick of Prussia and Christian IV of Denmark. This army collapses in 1625 due to lack of training and supplies.

1625 End of reign of James I, beginning of reign of Charles I

1626Beginning of the Anglo-French War.

1627The Duke of Buckingham's expedition to the Isle of Re near La Rochelle in support of the Huguenots ended in defeat.

1628Buckingham assassinated while preparing another expedition against the French.
May - Petition of Right lists parliamentary complaints against the King.

1630November 5 - Peace withFrancejSpain

1639First Bishop's WarScotlandRiots over the imposition of the Anglican liturgy on Scottish Presbyterian services.
18 June Dunse Temporary Compromise Agreement pacified

1640Hostilities of the Second Bishops' War resumedScotland
The Commons' April–May "short parliament" denied Charles financial support for the war.
August 28, Scots defeat Charles's forces at Newburn, Northumberland andDurham
November - Temporary end of hostilities by Treaty of Ripon.
3 November – Triennial Law of the "Long Parliament" passed by Charles I

1641October - Outbreak of the Irish War Eruption of the Irish Rebellion
out of disgust with the politics of Count vonStratford, First Lieutenant ofIreland.
1 December – Law of the Great Protest passed by Parliament, listing the grievances against Charles I.
Abolition of Council Courts, Abolition of Fiscal Privilege, Triennial Bill.

1642January 3 Charles tries to arrest 5 leaders of the House of Commons, attempt fails.
March: Charles rejects Parliament's attempt to take control of the army.
June: Parliament raises an army of 24,000 men
August - Charles begins to increase his army.Nottingham

1643The armies of kings have the advantage.
The Scots invade alongside Parliament

1644Parliamentary armies benefit from this
June – Battle ofto marstonParliament wins, decisive battle in the war.

1645Insurrection of armed neutral "Clubmen" threatens both sides
Royalist armies crumble
Parliamentary Troops reorganize into NewModelArmy

1646The King surrenders to the Scots
Bishops and Book of Common Prayer abolished
Established Presbyterian Church

1647Army rebels Radical movements criticize parliamentary tyranny

1648Second Civil War Scots are now on the King's side and are defeated

1649judgment &Execution of Charles IEngland becomes a republic
Rump Unicameral Government Parliament
Oliver Cromwell begins the total conquest of Ireland in 1650

1650Cromwell begins the conquest ofScotlandcompleted 1652

1651Thomas Hobbes' audienceLeviathan

1652The First Dutch War begins

1653Cromwell dissolves Parliament Rump Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of Great Britain, constitution written.

1654End of the First Dutch War

1655start of war withSpain
Royalist uprising Rise of Penruddock, utter failure

1658Cromwell dies and is succeeded by his son Richard

1659Richard is taken down by the army. Rump is restored, but displeases the army

1660Restoration of the Stuarts - Charles II ascends the throne

1662Church of England Restored

1663Failure of the first real attempt to grant religious toleration

1665Second Anglo-Dutch War begins
Great Last Outbreak of the Great Plague

1666The Great Fire ofLondon

1667The Second Anglo-Dutch War ends
milton'sParadise Lost published an allegory of the failed revolution

1672The Third Anglo-Dutch War begins
Failure of second royal attempt to grant religious toleration

1674The Third Anglo-Dutch War ends

1679The Beginning of the Whig and Tory Exclusion Crisis

1685February 6 – James II ascends to the throne

1687 newton'sPrincipia Mathematica published

1688 William of Orange fell James II fledthe country

1689February 13th -William of Orange and Mary Queen of Scots named joint sovereignsvonEnglandof the parliament
The Irish War Begins

1690Battle of the Boyne William III defeats Irish and French armies

1691The Irish War ends the English victory

1694 benchEnglandFounded
Death of Queen Mary

1697The Civil List Act Parliament approves funds for the upkeep of the royal household.

1699The February Dissolution Act Parliament reduced the size of the British standing army to 7,000 to accommodate William III's involvement. to limit continental warfare.

1700Imports of Indian muslin and printed calico are prohibited.

1701June 12Equalization Act of Parliamentclaims that the English crown
will go to the Electors of Hanover, through Sophia, granddaughter of James I,
after Anne, daughter of James II reigned.
September 16 James II dies inFrance
Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession

1702 Death of William III, Anne Stuart ascends to the throne

1704british captureGibraltarvonSpain

1705newly arrived fire truck

17071st MayUnion of England and Scotlandcreate unitedKingdomvonGreat Britain.

1708James Edward, the suitor, lands onScotlandYour welcome is warm
and he comes backFranceIn the same year.
Abraham Darby Arrienda Coalbrookdale

1710 Fall of Whig Ministry Conservatives come to power - Harley Ministry

1713End of the War of the Spanish Succession ofboth

1714August 1 – Death of Anne Stuart, beginning of the Hanoverian dynasty under George I, Elector of Hanover.

1715September - Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland begins. First hits, arrives James EdwardFranceIn December.

1716Septenal Law No Parliament can sit for more than seven years without an election
February: The Jacobite rising is crushed. James Edward ReturnsFrance.

1719Spanish Expedition to Scotland The Spanish fleet, sailing to Scotland to bring Stuart to the throne, is scattered by a storm and fails to reach its destination.

1720South Sea Bubble Many investors go bankrupt after speculating on South Sea Company stock
The use of pure cotton clothing is prohibited.

1721 WalpoleMinistry

1727George I dies, George II becomes king
start of war withSpain

1729end of war withSpain

1730Lord Townshend retires from service to devote himself to improving agriculture

1733excise duty crisisWalpolemust abandon plans to reform tariffs and excise taxes.
Kay's flying ship is invented
Horse-hoeing Posted by Jethro Tull, Husbandry

1737Death of Queen Caroline

1738The Lewis Paul Roll Spinning Machine is Invented

1739Beginning of the Anglo-Spanish naval war "War of Jenkin's Ear".

1740Beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession

1742fall of masonry pole

1744Pelham Service

1745James Edward returns to the beginning of The Forty-FiveEnglandregain his throne.

1746The End of the Suppressed Scottish Rebellion "Forty-Five", James Edward ReturnsFrance.The Scots are now banned from wearing their national dress.

1748End of "The War of Jenkin's Ear" withSpain
End of the War of the Austrian Succession Peace vAachen

1749Suppressed ironworks in the American colonies

1751War between English and FrenchSe

1752Adoption of the Gregorian calendar

1754War between English and French colonists inAmericastart
NewcastleMinistry

1756Beginning of the Seven Years' WarBrittanyallied with Frederick the GreatprussiacontraFrance,Austria, eRussia.

1758The thresher is invented
bridge water Canalbuilt

1760death of George II,Accession of George III
Carron Iron Works opens

1761Wilkinson installs furnaces in Bersham

1762 in thisMinistry

1763End of the Seven Years War PeaceParis

1764Hargreaves spinning machine was invented

1765American Stamp Act to pay for the defense of American colonies
rockingham ministry

1766 Chathamministry begins

1768Grafton service begins
Cook's first Pacific voyage begins

1769James Watt's patented steam engine
The patented Arkwright "Water Frame"

1770 LordNorth's service begins

1773Boston Tea Party protesting the East India Company's monopoly on tea exports to the American colonies

1774Compulsions authorized in retaliation by the Boston Tea Party
Arkwright Patented Card
Wear cool clothes made from pure cotton
Priestley discovered oxygen

1775por Thomas SpenceThe true rights of manPublished
The American War of Independence began

1776American Declaration of Independence
by Edward GibbonDecline and Fall of the Roman EmpirePublished
por Adam Smithwealth of nationsPublished

1777Firstbathroomand West of England Agricultural Show held

1779Invented Crompton mule

1781british surrenderyork cityEnd of the American War of Independence

1782 Second Rockingham Ministry

1784The Henry Cort Puddle process has been patented
Sino-cylindrical method of percale printing.
Andrew Meikles Thresher
Watt's Double Action Steam Engine

1783shelburne ministry
ministry of mines

1784 East IndiesLei

1785Steam engines were first used in spinning machines.
Arkwright patents invalidated
New Lanark Mills founded by David Dale
Cartwright's first patent for an electric loom

1786 Edencommercial agreement withFrance

1789French Revolution

1791Publication of The Rights of Man by Thomas Paine
Jenny yarn applied to wool

1792Coal and gas for lighting.

1793outbreak of war withFrance
Eli Whitney Cotton Desmotter
Business depression begins

1794Habeas Corup suspended

1795The "Speenhamland" allowance system adjusted wages to the cost of living
Beginning of the United Irish Revolt

1796Introduction of smallpox vaccination

1797The United Irishmen revolt is brutally crushed by British forces
Bank of England cash payments suspended
british navy mutiny

1798Malthus's Essay on Population is first published
Income Tax (10% on income over £200)

1799Napoleon becomes the first consul in France
Beginning of the commercial boom
Unions repressed by the Combined Law
Abolition of easement for Scottish miners
Restricted free trade between Great Britain andIreland

1801 Unitywith Ireland
end of business boom
The first British census put the population at 8,892,536
Surreyiron railroad

1802peace with france
Peel introduces the first factory legislation
West Indies Dock Completed

1803war withFrancestart again
Improved and patented Horrock loom
The General Liquidation Law simplifies the process of regularizing ejidos

1805Battle of Trafalgar Nelson defeats French and Spanish fleets

1806 Pitt's death, Lord Grenville becomes Prime Minister

1807Abolition of the slave trade

1808Peninsular War begins
East India Docks open

1809The economic boom begins

1811depression sets in
Riots played in Nottinghamshire

1812start of war withUSA
Napoleon's Russian Campaign

1813The East India Company's monopoly was abolished
Henry Bell's steamship Comet sails on the Clyde

1814Stephenson locomotive used to haul coal
Revocation of apprentice status

1815Battle of Waterloo
congress of vienna
Corn Law Approved
Beginning of a commercial boom

1817recession set

1819Peterloo-Massaker
The savannah crossed theAtlanticpartially subdued

1820 Death of George III, Accession of George IV

1821hunger inIrelandstart
Bank of England resumes cash payments

1822The Greek War of Independence begins

1823End of the Irish famine

1824The commercial boom begins
Revocation of laws against the export of machines and artisans

1825legalized unions
StocktonjDarlingtonthe train opens
Business depression begins

1827 Liverpoolretires, Canning becomes PM

1829 catholic emancipation
Greecegain independence
formed metropolitan police

1830death of George IV,Accession of William IV
LiverpooljManchesterthe train opens

1831Swing riots farm workers protesting mechanization of agriculture

1832law of the great reformIntroduces the £10 Voter franchise

1833Factory Law Limiting Child Labor

1834Slavery was abolishedBritish Empire
The Great Consolidated National Union is formed

1835Business Boom: The Great Railroad Building Boom Begins

1837death of William IV.Adhesion of Vitória I

1838People's Charter Project
Abertura da Great Western RailwayLondonins Bad uBristol

1839Chartist movements
conquest of Hong Kong
Beginning of the Afghan War

1840Railway Regulation Law

1841 Tories take over, Peel becomes prime minister

1842revived income tax
end of the afghan war

1843end of the Opium Warporcelain

1844The Railroad Building Boom Begins Episode Cheep Train Act
The Irish Potato Famine Begins
First telegraph inEngland

1846Corn law abolished
Peel resignsMr. John Russelwill be pm

1848european revolutions
Last great Chartist demonstration

1949Revocation of Navigation Laws

1851 Excellent Exhibition Cristal Palaceshows the industrial power ofBrittany
Undersea cables laid through theenglish channel

1852Russell resignsEarl of Derbywill be pm

1854The Crimean War begins

1855The newspaper's rights are revoked
Aberdeenresigns, Palmerston becomes prime minister

1856Ende des Krimkrieges

1857The Second Opium War beginsporcelainto European trade
Start of production of aniline dyes

1858End of the Second Opium War
Indian Mutiny and Law of India
Palmerston resigns, Lord Derby becomes Prime Minister

1859release ofdarwin'Origin of species
Great London builders' strike

1860Anglo-French treaty "Cobden"

1861Death of Albert, Prince Consort
American Civil War causes cotton shortageLancashire

1862Limited liability law promotes commercial interests

1863war withJapanopen Japanese ports to trade

1865October - Palmerston's death, Russell becomes Prime Minister

1866 Derbyforms a conservative minority government
Undersea cables laid through theAtlantic

1867Canada's Domain Law
Second House Reform Law in the Federal Districts

1868February: Disraeli becomes Prime Minister (Conservative)
Gladstoneform a liberal government

1869 SuezkanalOpen
Irish church dissolved
debt prison is over

1870 Irish TerraLei
Elementary School Law

1871Buying by commission in the army has been abolished.

1874Disraeli forms conservative government

1875The British government buys most of the Suez Canal
Agricultural depression deepens due to new grain shipmentsRussiaj
ANDUSAfor the first time on the European market.

1876 Victoryproclaimed Empress ofSe
enact compulsory schooling

1877Confederation of British and Boer States inSouth Africa

1878Congress ofBerlin
Edisoninvented the bipolar dynamo

1879The economic depression is deepening
Zulu it was
The light bulb is invented

1880First Anglo-Boer War
manufactured synthetic indigo
Approved the Employer Responsibility Law

1882 BrittanybusyEgypt
Triple Alliance betweenGermany,Austria, eItaly

1885 burmaAttachment
Home Franchise Counties Third Reform Act
Salisburyfirst conservative government

1886 Gladstonebecomes PM (Liberal Party)
First autonomy project forIrelandsplit the Liberal Party
Gold found in the Transvaal
Chartered by the Royal Niger Company
1886Conservatives are coming back to powerSalisbury

1887Chartered British East Africa Company

1889 Londondock strike
Appointed Agricultural Board
Company licensed in British South Africa

1892Liberals are coming back to powerGladstone

1893Second self-government bill rejected by the House of Lords
Independent Labor Party founded

1894 Gladstoneresigns, Lord Rosebery becomes prime minister

1896 Sudanthe conquest begins

1897Workers' Compensation Act

1898 Sudanunder British control Fashoda Incident
The expansion of the German fleet begins

1899May-June First Hague Peace Conference
The second Anglo-Boer War begins

1900"Khaki" choice won by Salisbury
Australian Commonwealth Law

1901 Death of Victoria I - Edward VII becomes King

1902Anglo-Japanese Alliance
End of the Boer War Peace of Vereeniging

1903Tariff reform campaign started
The Wright brothers make the first airplane flight

1904Anglo-French Entente
Imperial Defense Committee (Committee of Esher)
major reorganization of the British armed forces in light of the experiences of the Boer War

1905 The Campbell-Bannerman Liberal Government
MoroccoCrisis
Beginning of Haldane's military reform

1906Launch of the H.M.S Dreadnought First battleship with large guns and 10 12" guns.
Established Labor Party

1907Anglo-Russian entity

1908 beginning of Asquith's Liberal government
pension plan introduced
Introduction of the eight-hour day in coal mining

1910 Death of Edward VII - Accession of George V
Churchill Job Boards introduced

1911morocco crisis
Heavy rail, mining, and coal strikes that lasted until 1912

1912Failure of Anglo-German naval talks
First minimum wage laws for miners
Beginning of the Balkan War

1913End of the Balkan War Peace of London

1914Third law of autonomy forIrelandapproved and suspended
March 20 - Curragh "Mutiny" Brigadier General Hubert Gough resigns
instead of carrying out orders that would have forced them to coerce the population
Ulster accepts self-rule between southern separatistsIreland.
June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo
4. August -British Empireenter the first world war

1915 DardanelosExpedition that ended with the British withdrawal from Gallipoli in 1916
Unofficial attack on Clyde
Miners strike in South Wales

1916Battle of the Somme
Battle of Jutland
Lloyd George succeeds Asquith as Prime Minister

1917Battle of Passchendaele
Ministry of Food reorganized

1918November 11 - End of World War I

1919Treaty of Versailles
London police strike
National Railway Strike.
cotton strike

1920civil war in ireland
Deflation begins and prices fall
first date ofLeague of Nations

1921"TripleAllianz"Miners, stevedores and railway workers are on strike on 'Black Friday', but the strike will end if the stevedores and railway workers resign.

1922Lloyd-George-Fall,Bonar Law leads the Conservative government

1923Bonar Law resignsStanleyBaldwin becomes Prime Minister

1924January -First Labor government led by MacDonald

1925 BrittanyBack to the Gold Standard

19263 to 12 May - general strike

1931Financial crisisBrittanyoutside the gold standard.
Vacuum Cleanerintergovernmental debt moratorium
The gold standard collapses

1932The Ottoawa Conference introduces imperial preferences in intra-American tradeBritish Empire

1935Conservatives win elections.Baldwinwill be pm
18 June Anglo-German Naval Agreement German tonnage would not exceed 35% of British tonnage.
(This strange arrangementFrancevonBrittany).
September - Crisis in Ethiopia

1936 Death of George V - Abdication of Edward VIII - George VI becomes King

1937 Neville Chamberlain is the new Conservative Prime Minister
January 2 – Anglo-Italian Mediterranean Agreement

1938September 29th -Munichagreement

193931 March - British guarantee onPoland
3. september -Brittanydeclare warGermany

1940Churchill replaces Chamberlain as Prime Minister
British withdrawal from Dunkirk
Fight forBrittany

1941Luftwaffe bombings in many British cities
sovietUnityit's atUSAgo to war

1942singapore loss
Battle of Stalingrad
Beveridge Report on Social Security

1943Successful Campaigns in North Africa
Anglo-American armies invade Italy

1944D-Day invasion of France
butler education law

1945May 8 – End of World War II inEuropa
August 15 – End of the Far East War
Workers' overwhelming victoryClement Attlee becomes Prime Minister
Start of participation in Greece
Start of disturbances in Arabia Intermittent border conflicts inadenand Arab protectorates.

1947 Se,Pakistan, eburmabecome independent
Sterling convertibility crisis The pound will only remain freely convertible into the dollar for one month.
Coal and other nationalized industries
Treaty of Dunkirk: A 50-year-old Anglo-French alliance that also included theBeneluxCountries.

1948Start of the Berlin Blockade RAF units participate.

1949founded NATO
April 18 - Independence Day:Irelandbreak all connectionsGreat Britain
and becomes an independent state.
devaluation of the pound

1950March 29 - Churchill calls for German rearmament
The Korean War Begins